Preparing Teachers for Certification Each state has its own specific standards that are constantly under revision. The state of Maryland issues teacher certificates for early child hood, elementary education, special education, and then several areas of secondary education. Many of these areas are the traditional, core subjects but certificates can also be obtained in areas like outdoor education, agriculture, data processing, or as a work based learning coordinator. (Certification Educator Information System, n.d.) To gain certification in each area, a prospective teacher must complete an approved program that leads to that particular certification. The traditional method of certification is through college and university programs and each one has its requirements and guide lines that will lead to such certification. In addition, “all candidates applying for an initial teacher certificate are required to present qualifying scores on the Praxis I Academic Skills Assessments and the appropriate Praxis II Subject and Pedagogy Assessment, where required. Out-of-state candidates must meet Maryland's qualifying scores.†(Certification Educator Information System, n.d.) Information for teachers on locations, dates, and fees can be found at the Maryland State Department of Education home page. There are several different certificates that a teacher can receive upon completion of an approved program. For example, a PEC or Professional Eligibility Certificate will be issued after all certification requirements are completed and will be valid for five years to someone not currently employed in the state of Maryland (Certification Educator Information System, n.d.) Other examples of possible certificates are the Standard Professional... ...but the information is a little old since it was published in 1997. Lucas, C. (1997). Teacher education in america: reform agenda for the twenty-first century. New York: St. Martin’s Press Includes historical perspectives, as well as origins and development of teacher education in America. There is also a portion about recommendations from working teachers. This source is also a little outdated. Mack-Kirschner, A.(2003). The teacher's guide to national board certification: unpacking the standards. New Hampshire: Heinemann. This is an overview of the National Board's certification standards. She's actually explaining to teachers the preparation they must go through to get their certification. I think this is a great source for me. I have two other books with a lot of good information but this one was published in 2003 so the information is up to date.
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Female Characters in The Ivory Swing and The Tiger in theTiger Pit
     With " beautifully executed images", Janette Turner Hospital creates four vivid female character in her two novels. The four characters are Juliet and Yashoda in The Ivory Swing and Elizabeth and Emily in The Tiger in theTiger Pit . Each of the above is invested by Turner Hospital with a deep consciousness.          In the view of Janette Turner Hospital, women are immensely uncertain. They are never sure of what they want. However, when it comes to dealing with external conflicts, they are very strong-willed. On the other hand, she also indicates that maternal love is strong. Women have passionate beliefs in the importance of the family. As the stories follow, these feminine personalities are gradually proved.          Before leaving for India, Juliet had a hard time deciding whether to stay with her professor husband, David, or move to Montreal to stay with her former lover Jeremy. Uncertain as usual, all Juliet wants is to " maintain the balancing act."  She could never summon up the courage to face new circumstances. Her mind is never firm enough to challenge the present state. So she makes her choice in the order of morality. She stays with her husband and leaves for India with him. It is more likely that the fate designated Juliet's future. She is married to Dave on her own accord. Therefore, she does what a good wife is supposed to do.        1. Reviewed in : Booklist v.79 p.994 Apr 1, 1983       2. " The Ivory Swing " p.18           In Kerala, where David is on sabbatical to study primitive Indian culture, the couple encounter... ...hat the situations are, women would suffer to protect their children. Maternal love is always shown in the first place. On top of the above, Tuner Hospital also implies that women have passionate belief in family. Both of the two books The Ivory Swing and The Tiger in the Tiger Pit are written sensitively. Yet the latter is not as successful as the former one. " 50th wedding anniversaries and family reunions of any kind ought to be left to the manufacturers of greeting cards."       12. " Life with Father " by Judith Fitzgerald          Reviewed in : Books in Canada v.12 p.33 Nov 1983  BIBLIOGRAPHY : HOSPITAL, JANETTE TURNER,THE TIGER IN THE TIGER PIT. TORONTO, McCLELLAND & STEWART LTD. : 1987. HOSPITAL, JANETTE TURNER,THE IVORY SWING. TORONTO, McCLELLAND & STEWART LTD. : 1982.  |